Posts Tagged: 2001

Neuropathological and experimental animal studies indicate that traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Neuropathological and experimental animal studies indicate that traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in long-term, neurodegenerative changes. of post-injury coma. These results confirm earlier findings from cross-sectional studies, and suggest that the brain undergoes structural changes for several weeks after TBI. Keywords: SIENA, injury severity, mind volume change Intro Traumatic mind injury (TBI) is usually associated with pervasive neuropsychological, physical and behavioral changes, which can lead to long-term disability that may or may not diminish over time. Quantitative structural neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and computed tomography (CT) have been used successfully to identify both local and diffuse neuropathological changes associated with TBI such as wallerian degeneration, which has been shown to last for weeks after injury in experimental animals and over several months post-injury in humans (observe Graham et al., 2002 for evaluations, observe Bigler, 2005). Recent improvements in quantitative MRI analysis such as structural image Magnoflorine iodide evaluation using normalization of atrophy (SIENA) (Smith et al., 2001, Smith et al., 2002) present relatively straightforward, automated analysis of longitudinal changes in global mind volume. This procedure is automated, unbiased, and reliable, and may also become useful at characterizing global changes in mind volume after TBI. Enzinger et al. (2005) used SIENA to evaluate longitudinal changes in global mind volume in middle-aged individuals over a six-year follow-up period, and reported an annualized percent mind volume switch (%BVC) of -0.40% 0.29. In the present study we used SIENA to examine the longitudinal effects of TBI on %BVC BMPR1B between 79 days (range = 39-109 days) and 409 days (range = 352-530 days) post-injury. We also wanted to determine whether or not %BVC was associated with period of post-injury coma measured by the time to reach a Glasgow Coma Level motor score of 6 (GCS-6), along with other demographic Magnoflorine iodide variables such as age, education and gender. Based on prior quantitative MRI studies, we hypothesized that TBI individuals would display higher %BVC Magnoflorine iodide over time relative to a comparison group that had not sustained any mind stress. We also hypothesized that higher %BVC would be associated with longer period coma, but not with the age, education, or gender. METHODS Research Participants TBI individuals All TBI individuals were referred from your departments of Neurosurgery, Stress, and/or Rehabilitation in the University or college of Wisconsin Medical School. Exclusion criteria for those individuals in the TBI group included analysis of substance abuse disorder or an undiagnosed history of long-term substance abuse. Additional Magnoflorine iodide exclusion criteria for those TBI individuals included pre-injury analysis of a major psychiatric disorder or perhaps a prior history of head stress. Mild post-injury adjustment issues in TBI individuals (e.g., major depression or panic) and intoxication at the time of injury were not considered exclusion criteria for TBI individuals. The inclusion criteria for TBI individuals consisted of all the following criteria: 1) involvement in an event including a blunt injury to the head (e.g., a motor vehicle accident or fall) resulting in loss of consciousness severe plenty of to require immediate medical attention at a level one trauma center; 2) visual presence of stress related lesion(s) on CT or MRI scan verified by a radiologist; 3) modified consciousness and available 24-hour GCS scores. The 24-hour GCS score was used to rate injury severity because admission GCS scores are commonly reduced iatrogenically through intubation and sedation methods necessary for individual transport and emergency medical care. The last number of subjects in the TBI group included 37 TBI individuals (mean age = 29.3 10.9; imply education 13.2 1.6; 27 males and 10 ladies). Of the 37 TBI individuals included in this study, 11 individuals suffered a slight TBI (24 hour GCS score 13), 10 individuals suffered a moderate TBI (24hour GCS score of.