The reaction of macromolecules such as enzymes and antibodies with cell surfaces is often an inefficient process, requiring large amounts of expensive reagent. as a means of enhancing cell survival and function1C3. For instance, stem cells have been altered to enhance homing1, T and W cells have been altered for targeted delivery of therapeutics to tumors3, tPA-carrying RBCs have been generated for selective dissolution of nascent clots4, enzymatically altered RBCs have been produced as universal donor RBCs5, 6, and polymer conjugation of RBCs and tissues camouflaged their surface antigens from immune system acknowledgement and destruction7C9. Although 252870-53-4 there is usually huge potential for cell surface changes with macromolecular brokers (enzymes, polymers and protein) in many practical applications, the generally poor association of macromolecules with cell surfaces (~ 0.5 %)7 due to the repulsion of two hydrophilic entities requires high concentrations of reagent, making the course of action costly. Further, attempts to use extra cell-surface reactive macromolecules to drive the process are often harmful to cells. Thus the development of a general process or method that could enhance biological reactions on cell surfaces without damaging the cells or requiring altered reagents could be of considerable value by lowering costs of cell-surface executive technologies and 252870-53-4 thereby enhancing their 252870-53-4 commercial potential. Most of the biological processes in cells occur in crowded conditions, with biopolymer concentrations within the cells ranging from 100C400 mg/ml10C12. Crowding a system with neutral macromolecules favours associations that result in net reduction of excluded volume, thus alters the reaction rates and association constants of biological reactions13C19, and the effects can be highly nonlinear if macromolecules themselves are involved in the process20. Crowding has been used to impact the end result of biological and biotechnological processes16C33. However, most of the information currently available on macromolecular crowding focuses upon experiments performed in answer conditions. Very little is usually known about reactions on surface-associated structures or cell surfaces. Although the reaction rates on the cell surface in crowded conditions are theoretically predicted to be higher14, 15, this has not been confirmed experimentally and no practical application has been reported so much for enhanced surface events based on 252870-53-4 macromolecular crowding. The ABO blood group antigens, discovered by Landsteiner34, are the most potent antigens to be considered in blood transfusion and are present at approximately 106 antigens per cell35. The antigenicity of ABO blood groups is usually defined by the structures of the carbohydrate unit(h) at the outer termini of glycoproteins and lipids on the surface of RBCs36,37 as illustrated in Fig. 1A. A common H antigen (in O type) is usually decorated with -galactose in B-type or -N-acetylgalactosamine in A-type, thus A and W type blood immunoreact with each other and with AB. However, blood from O blood group individuals can be transfused to persons with any other blood group, thus is usually considered to be universal donor blood5. There has usually been a demand for O? group blood in hospitals around the world in order to deal with emergency trauma situations, pediatric transfusions, shortage of blood from other donor groups, and IL24 cases of lack of clarity of individual blood group5, 6. To overcome this shortage and to enhance the security of blood transfusions, the enzymatic conversion of A, W, or AB blood groups to the universal donor O group blood by use of glycosidases to remove the Gal or GalNAc residues has emerged as a useful strategy6. However, the biggest obstacle to the common use of enzymatic methods for removal of blood group antigens has been the inefficiency of the enzymes used. Consequently large quantities of enzymes are needed for total antigen cleavage, and this excess enzyme must then be thoroughly removed from the altered cells after treatment6, 38. Physique 1 Influence of macromolecular crowding on the activity of enzymes working on the reddish blood cell surface Here, we statement the development of a facile method to enhance these cell surface reactions based.